What are the components of CNC machine tools

What are the components of CNC machine tools

04-04-2023

CNC machine tools are electromechanical integrated products that integrate multiple technologies such as mechanical, electrical, hydraulic, pneumatic, microelectronics, and information technology. It is a machine tool in mechanical manufacturing equipment that has the advantages of high precision, high efficiency, high automation, and high flexibility.

CNC machine tools

The CNC lathe is mainly composed of four parts: the host part, the control part, the driving device, and the auxiliary device.

(1) Host part

It is the main body and mechanical component of a CNC lathe. It consists of a bed, spindle box, tool holder, tailstock, feed mechanism, etc.

(2) Control part

The control part, also known as a CNC device, is the core of controlling a lathe. It is generally a lathe specific control computer (including the lathe printed circuit board, screen display, keyboard, paper tape, magnetic tape, drive circuit, etc.). The program instructions input to the control section are recorded on the information carrier and received by the program reading device, or directly manually input by the keyboard of the control section.

(3) Drive device

The driving device is the driving component of the execution mechanism of a CNC lathe, including the spindle motor, feed servo motor, etc.

(4) Auxiliary devices

Auxiliary devices refer to some supporting components of CNC lathes, including hydraulic and pneumatic devices, cooling systems, drainage devices, protective equipment, etc.


The CNC lathe has the following structural characteristics:

(1) Fully enclosed or semi enclosed protective devices are often used

The CNC lathe adopts a closed protective cover to prevent chips or cutting fluid from flying out, in order to reduce accidental injuries to the operator.

(2) Using an automatic chip removal device

CNC lathes have a high degree of automation and minimal human intervention during the machining process. They often use inclined bed structure layout to facilitate the use of automatic chip removal devices.

(3) High spindle speed, safe and reliable workpiece clamping

CNC lathes often use power chucks, which make clamping force adjustment convenient and reliable, while also reducing the labor intensity of operators.

(4) Automatic tool change

CNC lathes generally use automatic rotary tool holders, which can automatically replace the cutting tools during the machining process, achieving continuous completion of multiple processes.

(5) Main feed transmission separation

The main drive and feed drive of the CNC lathe adopt independent servo motors, making the transmission chain shorter and more reliable. At the same time, each motor can move independently or achieve multi axis linkage as required.


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